Top
Women working on a large machine

La “creatività” dell’IA e le sue proprietà: definizioni e criticità nell’era dei LLM

Authors

Files

Saccà_2026_AI-Linguistica (Italiano)

Abstract

Il concetto di “creatività”, virtù spesso attribuita all’intelletto o alla fantasia dell’essere umano, è di recente divenuto oggetto di trattazione all’interno di testi scientifici sull’IA. Per tale motivo, diversi ambiti di ricerca si preoccupano di definire una nuova ontologia della creatività che prenda in considerazione la continua evoluzione di sistemi di intelligenza artificiale come i Large Language Models (LLM). In linea con tali sviluppi, la presente ricerca propone una definizione critica della creatività nell’ambito dell’IA, basata sui cinque elementi fondamentali della creatività: agente (actor), processo (process), prodotto (outcome), dominio (domain) e spazio (space) (Wingström et al. 2022). Una successiva analisi quantitativo-qualitativa riflette poi sugli usi linguistici dell’aggettivo creative in testi di computer science sottoposti a double peer review e sulla sua co-occorrenza in relazione a termini riguardanti i cinque elementi fondamentali della creatività.

Saccà_2026_AI-Linguistica (Italiano)

References

Bibliografia

Ackley, David. H. & Hinton, Geoffrey. E. & Sejnowski, Terrence. J. 1985. A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines. Cognitive Science 9(1). 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(85)80012-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(85)80012-4

Baer, John. 2010. Is creativity domain specific?. In Kaufman, James. C. & Sternberg, Robert J. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity, 321–341. Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763205.021

Barsalou, Lawrence W. 2008. Grounded Cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 59. 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.0 93639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639

Bergs, Alexander. 2019. What, if anything, is linguistic creativity? Gestalt Theory 41(2). 173–183. https://doi.org/10.2478/gth-2019-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gth-2019-0017

Boden, Margaret A. 1998. Creativity and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 103(1-2). 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S00043702(98) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00055-1

00055-1

Boden, Margaret A. 2014. GOFAI. In Frankish, Keith & Ramsey, William M. (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, 89–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046855.007

Candy, Linda, & Edmonds, Ernest. 2002. Modeling co-creativity in art and technology. Proceedings of Creativity & Cognition ‘02, 134–141. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/581710. 581731 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/581710.581731

Chen, Honghua & Ding, Nai. 2023. Probing the “Creativity” of Large Language Models: Can models produce divergent semantic association?. In Bouamor, Houda & Pino, Juan & Bali, Kalika (eds.), Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023, 12881–12888. Singapore: Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.858

2023.findings-emnlp.858

Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. The Hague/Paris: Mouton. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112316009

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21236/AD0616323

Cropley, David H. & Marrone, Rebecca & Medeiros, Kelsey & van Broekhoven, Kim. 2025. Creative products and Artificial Intelligence. In Cropley, David H. (eds.) Creations. The Seven C’s of Creativity. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82415-9_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82415-9_3

de Vries, Katja. 2020. You never fake alone. Creative AI in action. Information, Communication & Society 23(14). 2110–2127. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1754877

118X.2020.1754877

Farina, Mirko & Pedrycz, Witold & Lavazza, Andrea. 2024. Towards a mixed human–machine creativity. Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science 8. 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-024-00146-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-024-00146-6

Flick, Catherine & Worrall Kyle J. 2022. The ethics of Creative AI. In Vear, Craig & Poltronieri, Fabrizio (eds.), The Language of Creative AI. Cham: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10960-7_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10960-7_5

Franceschelli, Giorgio, Musolesi, Mirco. 2025. On the creativity of large language models. AI & Society 40. 3785–3795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02127-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02127-3

Gerstenberg, Annette. 2024. Hallucinations in automated texts – A critical view on the emerging terminology. AI-Linguistica. Linguistic Studies on AI-Generated Texts and Discourses 1(1). 1–8. https://doi.org/10.62408/ai-ling.v1i1.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62408/ai-ling.v1i1.9

Goldberg, Adele. E. 1995. Constructions. Chicago/London: Chicago University Press.

Grassini, Simone & Koivisto, Mika. 2025. Artificial creativity? Evaluating AI against human performance in creative interpretation of visual stimuli. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 41(7). 4037–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2345430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2345430

Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. n.d. Vocabolario Treccani. https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/ (ultimo accesso 28 luglio 2026).

Liu, Weizi & Yao, Mike. 2026. The minds behind the prompts: How mental representations shape user interaction with generative AI. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Febbraio. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.

1080/10447318.2026.2629531

Loivaranta, Tikli & Hautala, Johanna & Lundman, Riina. 2025. Spectrum of creative agencies in AI-based art: Analysis of art reviews. Digital Creativity 36(3). 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2025.2491471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2025.2491471

Marchetti, Giorgio. 1999. Sulla creatività. Studi Urbinati 69, 847–884. https://doi.org/10.14276/2464-9333.1207

Meusburger, Peter, Funke, Joachim & Wunder, Edgar. 2009. Introduction: The spatiality of creativity. In Meusburger, Peter & Funke, Joachim & Wunder, Edgar (eds.), Milieus of Creativity. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatiality of Creativity, 1–10. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9877-2_1

Mitchell, Melanie. 2019. Artificial intelligence: A guide for thinking humans. New York, NY: Penguin UK.

Moon, JaeYoung, & Choi, YouJin & Hong, Jin-Hyuk & Kim, Kyung-Joong. 2025. Sign Dance Maker: A generative AI-assisted framework for inclusive music performance support for sign language interpreters. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Dicembre. 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5245083

7318.2025.2596857

Ng, Davy Tsz Kit, & Leung, Jac Ka Lok & Chu, Samuel Kai Wah & Qiao, Maggie Shen. 2021. Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 2. 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041

Oppenlaender, Jonas, & Linder, Rhema & Silvennoinen, Johanna. 2025. Prompting AI art: An investigation into the creative skill of prompt engineering. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 41(16). 10207–10229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2431761 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2431761

Reddy, Anuradha. 2022. Artificial everyday creativity: Creative leaps with AI through critical making. Digital Creativity 33(4). 295–313. https://doi.org/10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14626268.2022.2138452

1080/14626268.2022.2138452

Rendich, Franco. 2010. Dizionario etimologico comparato delle lingue classiche europee: Indoeuropeo – Sanscrito – Greco – Latino. Roma: Palombi.

Rhodes, Mel. 1961. An analysis of creativity. The Phi Delta Kappan, 42(7). 305–310.

Ritchie, Graeme. 2007. Some Empirical Criteria for Attributing Creativity to a Computer Program. Minds & Machines 17. 67–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11023-007-9066-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-007-9066-2

Runco, Mark A. 2025. Updating the standard definition of creativity to account for the artificial creativity of AI. Creativity Research Journal, 37(1), 1–5. https:// DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2023.2257977

doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2023.2257977

Runco, Mark A. & Jaeger, Garrett J. 2012. The standard definition of creativity, Creativity Research Journal, 24(1). 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.650092

2012.650092

Sampson, Geoffrey. 2016. Two ideas of creativity. In Hinton, Martin (eds.) Evidence, Experiment and Argument in Linguistics and Philosophy of Language, 15-26. Bern: Peter Lang.

Shanahan, Murray. 2024. Talking about Large Language Models. Communications of the ACM 67(2). 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1145/3624724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3624724

Simonton, Dean K. 2012a. Creative productivity and aging. In Krauss Whitbourne, Susan & Sliwinski, Martin J. (eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Adulthood and Aging, 477–496. Malden: Wiley Blackwell. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118392966.ch24

Simonton, Dean K. 2012b. Taking the U.S. Patent Office criteria seriously: A quantitative three-criterion creativity definition and its implications. Creativity Research Journal, 24(2-3). 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2012.676974

676974

Sison, Alejo J. G. & Daza, Marco T. & Gozalo-Brizuela, Roberto & Garrido-Merchán, Eduardo C. 2023. ChatGPT: More than a ‘weapon of mass deception’. Ethical challenges and responses from the Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 40(17). 4853–4872. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2225931

2023.2225931

Sternberg, Robert J. 2009. Domain-generality versus domain-specificity of creativity. In Meusburger, Peter & Funke, Joachim & Wunder, Edgar (eds.), Milieus of Creativity. An Interdisciplinary Approach to Spatiality of Creativity, 25-38. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9877-2_3

TLIO. Opera del Vocabolario Italiano. n.d. Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (TLIO). Firenze: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. http://tlio.ovi.cnr.it/TLIO/ (ultimo accesso 28 luglio 2026).

TLL. Thesaurus linguae Latinae Online (TLL). 1900–. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. https://thesaurus.badw.de/en/tll-digital/tll-open-access.html (ultimo accesso 28 luglio 2026).

Turing, Alan M. 1950. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 49. 433–460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433

Venturi, Lionello. 1964. Storia della critica d’arte. Torino: Einaudi.

Wingström, Roosa & Hautala, Johanna & Lundman, Riina. 2022. Redefining creativity in the era of AI? Perspectives of computer scientists and new media artists. Creativity Research Journal 36(2). 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2022.2107850

10400419.2022.2107850

Details